GLP-1 T

GLP-1 T (Dual Incretin Receptor Agonist): Molecular Mechanisms and Metabolic Modulation

Molecular Overview

GLP-1 T is a synthetic dual incretin receptor agonist that mimics the activity of two endogenous gut-derived peptide hormones — glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP).

By co-activating the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and GIP receptor (GIPR), this bipeptidomimetic agent orchestrates a multifactorial modulation of glucose homeostasis, energy balance, and appetite regulation.

The molecule exhibits prolonged receptor binding and enhanced resistance to enzymatic degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), enabling once-weekly subcutaneous administration and sustained metabolic activity.

Mechanism of Action

• Incretin Receptor Activation and Glucose Control
  GLP-1 T binds to GLP-1R expressed in pancreatic β-cells, promoting glucose-dependent insulin secretion, while suppressing glucagon release from α-cells.
  
  Concurrent GIPR activation further enhances insulinotropic effects and contributes to β-cell preservation and glucose uptake efficiency.
  
  This dual signaling mechanism improves glycemic control without increasing hypoglycemia risk.
   
• Appetite Suppression and Energy Regulation
  Central nervous system (CNS) studies show that GLP-1 T acts on hypothalamic satiety centers, particularly the arcuate nucleus and paraventricular nucleus, modulating pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) pathways.
  
  The result is reduced appetite, slower gastric emptying, and lower caloric intake, leading to significant body weight reduction and improved metabolic set point regulation.
   
• Lipid and Energy Metabolism
  GLP-1 T enhances insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues (skeletal muscle, adipose, and hepatic cells), optimizing glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation.
  
  It also improves lipid profiles by reducing LDL cholesterol and triglycerides while increasing HDL levels, contributing to overall metabolic flexibility.
   
• Anti-Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Modulation
  The peptide exerts systemic anti-inflammatory effects by downregulating NF-κB signaling and decreasing CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6 expression.
  
  In cardiovascular tissues, GLP-1 T improves endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity and vascular compliance, lowering blood pressure and supporting endothelial health.

Physiological and Clinical Benefits

• Weight Regulation: Reduces appetite, slows gastric motility, and promotes sustained adipose mass reduction.
• Glycemic Control: Enhances insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization in a glucose-dependent manner.
• Craving and Satiety Modulation: Suppresses hedonic and homeostatic feeding behaviors through CNS pathways.
• Energy Stabilization: Maintains consistent blood glucose levels, minimizing postprandial fluctuations and fatigue.
• Inflammation Reduction: Lowers pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers linked to metabolic dysfunction.
• Cardiometabolic Health: Improves lipid metabolism and endothelial function, supporting long-term cardiovascular stability.

Therapeutic Applications

Primary Indications:

• Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) — as a glucose-dependent insulin secretagogue and metabolic regulator
• Obesity and Weight Management — as an appetite suppressant and adiposity modulator

Investigational and Off-Label Uses:

• Metabolic syndrome
• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD/NASH)
• Cardiovascular risk reduction in insulin-resistant populations

Summary

Through synergistic activation of GLP-1R and GIPR, GLP-1 T exerts comprehensive metabolic control — enhancing insulin action, suppressing appetite, modulating inflammation, and promoting weight reduction.
 

This dual-agonist mechanism represents a next-generation incretin therapy, bridging the gap between glucose regulation and holistic metabolic restoration in diabetes, obesity, and cardiometabolic disease.

Legal Policy: 

This product is strictly for research purposes only and is intended solely for in vitro testing and laboratory experimentation. The information provided on this website is for educational use and does not permit the introduction of this product into humans or animals. Handling of this product is restricted to licensed and qualified professionals. It is not classified as a drug, food, or cosmetic, and should not be misrepresented or used as such.

Important Disclaimer

All products sold on this site are for research and development use only. They are not intended for human or animal use.

The statements on this website have not been evaluated by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Our products and content are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Tides Peptides is a chemical supplier, not a compounding pharmacy or a chemical compounding facility as defined under section 503A of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

Molecular Formula

• Sequence:
  Tyr-{Aib}-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Ile-{Aib}-Leu-Asp- Lys-Ile-Ala-GIn-{diacid-gamma-Glu-(AEEA)2-Lys}-Ala-Phe-Val-GIn-Trp-Leu-lle-Ala -Gly-Gly-Pro-Ser-Ser-Gly-Ala-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser-NH2
• Formula: C₂₂₅H₃₄₈N₄₈O₆₈
• Molecular Weight: ~4813.527 g/mol

View Certificate of Analysis

1. What is GLP-1 T, and why does it matter?

GLP-1 T is a once-weekly injectable medication that mimics two hormones (GLP-1 and GIP) to regulate blood sugar and appetite. It matters because it’s highly effective for managing type 2 diabetes and promoting significant weight loss.

2. What are the benefits of GLP-1 T?

People use GLP-1 T for:

• Improved blood sugar control

• Significant and sustained weight loss

• Reduced appetite and cravings

• Support for metabolic health

3. What is GLP-1 T used for?

GLP-1 T is primarily used to treat type 2 diabetes and is increasingly prescribed off-label for weight management and obesity.

Continued Treatment With GLP-1 T for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial.
Aronne LJ, Sattar N, Horn DB, Bays HE, Wharton S, Lin WY, Ahmad NN, Zhang S, Liao R, Bunck MC, Jouravskaya I, Murphy MA; SURMOUNT-4 Investigators.JAMA. 2024 Jan 2;331(1):38-48. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.24945.PMID: 38078870 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.

GLP-1 T versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, Pérez Manghi FC, Fernández Landó L, Bergman BK, Liu B, Cui X, Brown K; SURPASS-2 Investigators.N Engl J Med. 2021 Aug 5;385(6):503-515. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107519. Epub 2021 Jun 25.PMID: 34170647 Clinical Trial.

GLP-1 T Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity.
Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, Wharton S, Connery L, Alves B, Kiyosue A, Zhang S, Liu B, Bunck MC, Stefanski A; SURMOUNT-1 Investigators.N Engl J Med. 2022 Jul 21;387(3):205-216. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2206038. Epub 2022 Jun 4.PMID: 35658024 Clinical Trial.

GLP-1 T for Obesity Treatment and Diabetes Prevention.
Jastreboff AM, le Roux CW, Stefanski A, Aronne LJ, Halpern B, Wharton S, Wilding JPH, Perreault L, Zhang S, Battula R, Bunck MC, Ahmad NN, Jouravskaya I; SURMOUNT-1 Investigators.N Engl J Med. 2025 Mar 6;392(10):958-971. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2410819. Epub 2024 Nov 13.PMID: 39536238 Clinical Trial.

Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist GLP-1 T in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial.
Rosenstock J, Wysham C, Frías JP, Kaneko S, Lee CJ, Fernández Landó L, Mao H, Cui X, Karanikas CA, Thieu VT.Lancet. 2021 Jul 10;398(10295):143-155. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01324-6. Epub 2021 Jun 27.PMID: 34186022 Clinical Trial.

GLP-1 T once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.
Garvey WT, Frias JP, Jastreboff AM, le Roux CW, Sattar N, Aizenberg D, Mao H, Zhang S, Ahmad NN, Bunck MC, Benabbad I, Zhang XM; SURMOUNT-2 investigators.Lancet. 2023 Aug 19;402(10402):613-626. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01200-X. Epub 2023 Jun 26.PMID: 37385275 Clinical Trial.

GLP-1 T for Weight Reduction in Chinese Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-CN Randomized Clinical Trial.
Zhao L, Cheng Z, Lu Y, Liu M, Chen H, Zhang M, Wang R, Yuan Y, Li X.JAMA. 2024 Aug 20;332(7):551-560. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.9217.PMID: 38819983 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.

GLP-1 T: A Review in Type 2 Diabetes.
France NL, Syed YY.Drugs. 2024 Feb;84(2):227-238. doi: 10.1007/s40265-023-01992-4. Epub 2024 Feb 23.PMID: 38388874 Review.

GLP-1 T as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity.
Aronne LJ, Horn DB, le Roux CW, Ho W, Falcon BL, Gomez Valderas E, Das S, Lee CJ, Glass LC, Senyucel C, Dunn JP; SURMOUNT-5 Trial Investigators.N Engl J Med. 2025 Jul 3;393(1):26-36. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2416394. Epub 2025 May 11.PMID: 40353578 Clinical Trial.

Semaglutide vs GLP-1 T for Weight Loss in Adults With Overweight or Obesity.
Rodriguez PJ, Goodwin Cartwright BM, Gratzl S, Brar R, Baker C, Gluckman TJ, Stucky NL.JAMA Intern Med. 2024 Sep 1;184(9):1056-1064. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.2525.PMID: 38976257 Free PMC article.

GLP-1 T, a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor co-agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes with unmatched effectiveness regrading glycaemic control and body weight reduction.
Nauck MA, D'Alessio DA.Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022 Sep 1;21(1):169. doi: 10.1186/s12933-022-01604-7.PMID: 36050763 Free PMC article. Review.

GLP-1 T Reduces Appetite, Energy Intake, and Fat Mass in People With Type 2 Diabetes.
Aronne LJ, Sattar N, Horn DB, Bays HE, Wharton S, Lin WY, Ahmad NN, Zhang S, Liao R, Bunck MC, Jouravskaya I, Murphy MA; SURMOUNT-4 Investigators.JAMA. 2024 Jan 2;331(1):38-48. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.24945.PMID: 38078870 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial. Heise T, DeVries JH, Urva S, Li J, Pratt EJ, Thomas MK, Mather KJ, Karanikas CA, Dunn J, Haupt A, Milicevic Z, Coskun T.Diabetes Care. 2023 May 1;46(5):998-1004. doi: 10.2337/dc22-1710.PMID: 36857477 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.